怎么区分及物动词和不及物动词（及物动词和不及物动词区别和用法）

语境展示

1. a. He committed a serious error.

b. Her strange question surprised him.

2. a. Please pass me the book.

b. She will leave all her money to charity.

3. a. I wouldn’t call German an easy language.

b. The news made her very excited.

4. a. When did it happen?

b. The machine works smoothly.

5. a. The child is playing the piano.

b. The child is playing with his friends.

自我归纳

英语中的动词根据其后是否跟宾语，可分为及物动词 (transitive verb) 和不及物动词 (intransitive verb)，缩写形式分别为：vt. (及物动词) 和vi. (不及物动词)。

(一) 及物动词

及物动词后可直接跟一个宾语、双宾语或复合宾语。

1. 充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。

常接不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, ask,choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, manage, need, offer, promise, plan, pretend, refuse, want, wish等。常接动名词作宾语的动词有：admit, avoid, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, dislike, fancy, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest等。

2. 在含有双宾语的句子中，谓语动词后必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思，通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。

间接宾语前常用to的动词有：bring, describe, explain, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw 等。间接宾语前常用for的动词有：book, bring, buy,choose, fetch, find, get, make, order, prepare, save等。

3. 在含有复合宾语的句子中，谓语动词后只跟宾语还不能表达完整的意思，须加一个补充成分来补充说明宾语。能充当宾语补足语的可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词。

常跟复合宾语的动词有：admit, ask, allow, cause, call, consider, expect, encourage, get, have, intend, invite, keep, make, name, need, permit, prevent,see, set, stop, think, tell, want, watch, wish等。

【注】

① 在主动语态中，一些动词(如：make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等使役动词和感官动词)后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，动词不定式不带to。但当这些动词(let除外)用于被动语态时，后面的不定式都需加上to。如：

The boss made them work ten hours a day.

They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.

② allow, advise, forbid, permit等动词后可直接跟动名词作宾语；如果这些词后有名词或代词作宾语，其后面要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：allow / advise / forbid / permit doing sth.；allow / advise / forbid / permit sb. to do sth.。如：

We don’t allow smoking here.

We don’t allow students to smoke here.

4. 大多数及物动词可以用于被动语态。

(二) 不及物动词

不及物动词后面不可以直接跟宾语，但可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。不及物动词不能用于被动语态。

不及物动词后必须加介词或副词才可以跟宾语。如：

What did you think of the film?

【注】

常见的一些不能用于被动语态的固定短语有：succeed in, run out, go out, come up, come out, belong to, break out, die out, take part in, take place等。

(三) 关于及物动词与不及物动词

英语中绝对及物或绝对不及物的动词是很少的，大部分动词既可以用作及物动词，也可以用作不及物动词。这类动词有很多，如：answer / answer for, benefit / benefit from, pay /pay for, adjust / adjust to, attend / attend to, check / check in / check out, believe / believe in, call / call on等。

英语中有些动词在形式上是主动的，含义上却是被动的，其后面常跟一些副词表示主语的基本性质和特征。

常见的这类动词有：cook, close, last, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write等。如：

The windows close easily.

The tomatoes sell well.